I-China iyimakethe ye-EV enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi ithengiswe ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-5.5 kusukela ngoMashi 2021. Lokhu kuyinto enhle ngezindlela eziningi. I-China inezimoto eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni futhi lezi zithatha indawo yamagesi abamba ukushisa ayingozi. Kodwa lezi zinto zinezinkathazo zazo zokusimama. Kunokukhathazeka ngokulimala kwemvelo okubangelwa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezifana ne-lithium ne-cobalt. Kodwa okunye okukhathazayo okuphathelene nenkinga ezayo yokumosha. I-China isiqala ukuzwa unqenqema oluhamba phambili lwale nkinga.
Ngo-2020. Amathani angu-200,000 amabhethri anqanyulwa futhi isibalo kulindeleke ukuthi sibhale amathani angu-780,000 ngo-2025. Bheka inkinga yase-China yokulahlwa kwebhethri ye-EV esondelayo nokuthi imakethe ye-EV enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yenzani ngakho.
Cishe wonke amaShayinaizimoto zikagesi zinikwa amandla amabhethri e-lithium ion. Ayisindi, anamandla aphezulu kanye nempilo yomjikelezo omude, kuwenza abe yinketho yokuqala ezimotweni ezisebenza ngogesi. Amabhethri anezintathu ezinkulu cama-omponents kanye ne-anode, i-cathode ne-electrolyte. KweFuthi, i-cathode ibiza kakhulu futhi ibalulekile. Sihlukanisa kakhulu phakathi kwalawa mabhethri ngokusekelwe ezikebheni zawo zamakati. Not ukucwila ngokujulile kulokhu, kodwa amabhethri amaningi e-EV aseChina anama-cathodes enziwe nge-lithium, nickel, manganese, ama-cobalt oxides, ngalokhu abizwa ngokuthi i-MCS. Lawa mabhethri aye ahoxiswa lapho amandla awo efinyelela cishe ku-80% ohambisana nempilo yethu yesevisi yeminyaka engaba ngu-8 kuya kweyi-10. Lokhu, kuncike ezicini ezithile ezifana nemvamisa yokushaja, imikhuba yokushayela, nezimo zomgwaqo.
Ngacabanga ukuthi ungathanda ukwazi. Ngegagasi lokuqala elikhulu lama-EVskusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2011, ingqalasizinda yokuqoqa nokucubungula lawa mabhethri izodinga ukuthi ibe isilungile ekupheleni kwale minyaka eyishumi. Leyo bekuyinselelo nomugqa wesikhathi uhulumeni waseChina obekumele abhekane nawo. Ngemva kwama-Olympics ase-Beijing, uHulumeni waseShayina waqala ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa nokusetshenziswa kwama-EV emphakathini jikelele. Ngalesi sikhathi okuwukuphela kwemithetho abayikhiphayo okukhulunywa ngayo ngamazinga okuphepha embonini. Njengoba izingxenye eziningi zebhethri zinobuthi. Ekuqaleni kuka-2010 kwaba nokusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwezimoto zikagesi futhi ngenxa yalokho isidingo esikhula ngokushesha esilinganayo sendlela yokubhekana nokumoshwa kwazo.
Ngo-2012, ukuhambavernmet ikhiphe isiqondiso senqubomgomo yemboni yonke ye-EV kuyo okokuqala ngqa, isiqondiso sagcizelela isidingo, phakathi kokunyer izinto, isistimu esebenzayo yokugaya ibhethri ye-EV. Ngo-2016, ama-ministries ambalwa ahlangana ndawonye ukuze asungule indlela ehlanganisiwe yenkinga yokulahlwa kwebhethri le-EV. Abakhiqizi be-EV bazoba nesibopho sokubuyisa amabhethri emoto yabo. Kufanele basungule amanethiwekhi wabo wesevisi yangemuva kokuthengisa noma bathembe inkampani yangaphandle ukuthi izoqoqa amabhethri e-EV kadoti.
Uhulumeni waseShayina unomkhuba wokuthi aqale amemezele inqubomgomo, isiqondiso noma isiqondiso ngaphambi kokubeka imithetho eqondile kamuva. Isimemezelo sika-2016 sibonisa ngempumelelo ezinkampanini ze-EV ukuthi zilindele okwengeziwe kulokhu eminyakeni ezayo. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2018, ukulandelwa kohlaka lwenqubomgomo kwaphuma ngokushesha, okunesihloko esithi izinyathelo zesikhashana zokuphathwa kokugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri kagesi ezimotweni zamandla amasha. Uyazibuza ukuthi uma ubiza ama-aves anencazelo kanye nama-hybrids. Inhlangano ephoqelelayo kuzoba uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi noma i-MIIT.
Ithembise emuvango-2016, uhlaka lubeka kakhulu umthwalo ezinkampanini ezizimele ezifana nabenzi bebhethri be-EV ne-EV ababhekana nale nkinga. Uhulumeni uzovumabheka ezinye izici zobuchwepheshe zomzamo, kodwa ngeke bazenzele ngokwabo. Lolu hlaka lwakhiwe phezu kwenqubomgomo yokubusa jikelele eyamukelwa amaShayina. Okubizwa ngokuthi Isibopho Esinwetshiwe Somkhiqizi noma i-EPR. Umqondo womoya owokwenyusa umthwalo wemfanelo usuka kohulumeni basekhaya nowezifundazwe uye kubakhiqizi ngokwabo.
Uhulumeni waseShayina wamukela i-EPR, engikholelwa ukuthi yaphuma ezifundweni zaseNtshonalanga ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Njengempendulo eziqondisweni ze-EU mayelana nenkinga yemfucuza ka-E ekhulayo, futhi kwenza umqondo onembile uma uhulumeni kunguyena ohlanza yonke le mfucumfucu ka-E. Izinkampani ezenza lodoti azisoze zakhuthazwa ukwenza izinto zabo zibe lula ukugaywa kabusha. Ngakho ngomoya we-EPR bonke abenzi bebhethri be-EV kufanele bakhe amabhethri okulula ukuwahlakaza futhi anikeze imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, yokugcina yokuphila kumakhasimende abo - Izimpawu ze-EVd omaka be-EV bona bangase bamise futhi baqhube awabo amaqoqo ebhethri namanethiwekhi okugaya kabusha noma bawanikeze inkampani yangaphandle. Uhulumeni uzosiza ekusunguleni amazinga kazwelonke ukuze kube lula inqubo. Uhlaka lubukeka luhle kakhulu ebusweni, kodwa kunezithiyo ezicacile kakhulu.
Manje njengoba sesiwazi umlando nenqubomgomo, ngokulandelayo singangena emininingwaneni embalwa yobuchwepheshe mayelana nokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri le-EV. Amabhethri angasasebenzi angena ohlelweni ngokusebenzisa imigudu emibili esuka ezimotweni ezishintshwa ibhethri nasezimotweni. Ekupheleni kwempilo yabo. Kwakamuva, ibhethri lisengaphakathi emotweni futhi likhishwa njengengxenye yokuphela kwenqubo yokudilizwa kwempilo. Lokhu kusalokhu kuyinqubo eyenziwa ngesandla, ikakhulukazi eShayina. Ngemva kwalokho isinyathelo esibizwa ngokuthi ukwelapha ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Amaseli ebhethri kufanele akhishwe ephaketheni futhi avulwe, okuyinselele njengoba ungekho umklamo ojwayelekile wephakethe lebhethri. Ngakho-ke kufanele kwenziwe ngesandla kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile.
Uma ibhethri selikhishiwed, kwenzekani neI-xt incike ohlotsheni lwebhethri ye-lithium-ion ngaphakathi kwemoto. Ake siqale ngebhethri le-NMC, elivame kakhulu e-China. Amabhethri e-NMC ama-recyclers amane afuna ukululama. Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-cathode. Ukuhlaziywa komnotho kwango-2019 kulinganisela ukuthi naphezu kokwenza u-4% kuphela wesisindo samabhethri, benza ngaphezu kuka-60% yenani lokusindisa amabhethri. Ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha be-NMC buvuthiwe. U-Sony waphayona ngo-1999. Kunezindlela ezimbili ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, i-Pyro metallurgical kanye ne-hydro metallurgical. Ake siqale nge-Pyro metallurgical. I-Pyro isho umlilo. Ibhethri lincibilika libe yingxubevange yensimbi, ithusi, i-cobalt, ne-nickel.
Izinto ezinhle zibe sezibuyiswa kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-hydro metallurgical. Izindlela ze-Pyro ziyasha. Ama-Electrolyte, amapulasitiki kanye nosawoti we-lithium. Ngakho akuzona zonke izinto ezingabuyiselwa. Ikhipha amagesi anobuthi adinga ukucutshungulwa, futhi idla amandla amaningi, kodwa iye yamukelwa kabanzi yimboni. Izindlela ze-Hydro metallurgical zisebenzisa i-solvent enamanzi ukuhlukanisa izinto ezifunwayo nge-cobalt ku-compound. Izincibilikisi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-sulfuric acid ne-hydrogen peroxide, kodwa ziningi nezinye. Azikho kulezi zindlela ezilungile futhi kusadingeka omunye umsebenzi ukubhekana nokushiyeka kwazo kwezobuchwepheshe. Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate enza cishe u-30% wemakethe ye-Chinese EV kusukela ngo-2019. Lawa mabhethri aminyana awaphezulu njengozakwabo we-NMC, kodwa awanazo izici ezifana ne-nickel ne-cobalt. Kukhona futhi cishe ephephile.
I-China nayo ihamba phambili emhlabenier kusayensi nokuhweba kwe-lithium iron phosphate, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri, inkampani yaseShayina, ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-ampere. Ungomunye wabaholi bezokukhiqiza kule ndawo. Kufanele kube nengqondo ukuthi imboni yezwe ikwazi ukuvuselela lawa maseli. Uma sekushiwo, ukugaywa kabusha kwalezi zinto kubonakale kunzima kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi banengxube ehlukahlukene yezinto zokwakha, edinga umsebenzi wokwelapha obizayo owengeziwe, abese kuthi i-lithium ngokwezomnothoamabhethri e-iron phosphate awanazo izinsimbi ezibalulekile ezifana namabhethri e-NMC awaziyo i-nickel, ithusi, noma i-cobalt. Futhi kuholele ekushoneni kokutshalwa kwezimali ku-niche. Kukhona ezinye izivivinyo ezithembisayo ze-hydro metallurgical ezikwazile ukukhipha kuze kufike ku-85% we-lithium ngendlela ye-lithium carbonate.Ukuqagela ukuthi izobiza cishe u-$650ukucubungulaithani lamabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate asetshenzisiwe. Lokho kuhlanganisa izindleko zamandla nempahla, singabali izindleko zokwakhaifektri. Ukutholwa okungenzeka kanye nokudayiswa kabusha kwe-lithium kungasiza ekwenzeni ukugaywa kabusha kube lula ukukwenza ngokwezomnotho, kodwa amajaji asaphumile kulokhu. Ingabe lezi zindlela kusamele zisetshenziswe ngezinga lezohwebo? Uhlaka lwe-2018 lubeka okuningi, kodwa lushiya izinto ezimbalwa okufanele zifiswe. Njengoba sonke sazi empilweni, akuyona yonke into ehamba kahle emnsalweni omncane ohlanzekile. Kunezimbobo ezimbalwa ezingekho lapha, ngakho-ke ake sikhulume kancane ngeminye yemibuzo yenqubomgomo esekhona emoyeni. Umgomo wezibalo oyinhloko ekukhishweni noma amanani okutholwa kwempahla eluhlaza. I-98% ye-nickel cobalt, i-manganese engu-85% ye-lithium ngokwayo kanye nama-97% wezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba. Ngokwe-oretically, konke lokhu kungenzeka. Isibonelo, ngisanda kukhuluma ngokuthola i-85% noma ngaphezulu ye-lithium kumabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate. Ngiphinde ngasho ukuthi kuzoba nzima ukufeza lesi sibalo esiphezulu sethiyori ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle komhlaba wangempela kanye nokwehluka okukhona. Khumbula, ziningi izindlela amaseli ebhethri angenziwa ngazo. Kupakishiwe, kuthengisiwe futhi kwasetshenziswa. Akukho lapho kusondela khona ukulinganisa esikubona ngamabhethri angamacylindrical athengiswa ku-711 yakho. Uhlaka lwenqubomgomo lushoda ngemixhaso ebambekayo kanye nokwesekwa kukazwelonke ngokwenza lokhu kwenzeke ngempela. Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu wuhlaka lwenqubomgomo yezomnotho akwenzi chat ukwaba imali ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuqoqwa kwamabhethri asesebenzile. Kunezinhlelo ezimbalwa zokuhlola ukubuyisela emuva eziqhutshwa omasipala, kodwa lutho ezingeni likazwelonke. Lokhu kungashintsha, mhlawumbe nge-levy noma intela, kodwa okwamanje abadlali bezinkampani ezizimele kufanele bazixhase ngokwabo. Lokhu kuyinkinga ngoba kunesikhuthazo esincane sezomnotho salaba abenzi be-EV abakhulu ukuthi baqoqe futhi basebenzise kabusha amabhethri abo.
Kusukela ku-2008 kuya ku-2015, izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nebhethri ye-EV yehla ukusuka ku-1000 USD ngehora le-kilowatt kuya ku-268. Lo mkhuba kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke phakathi neminyaka embalwa ezayo. Ukwehla kwezindleko kwenze kwafinyeleleka nakakhulu kunangaphambili, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi baye behlisa isisusa sokuqoqa nokuwagaya kabusha lawa mabhethri. Futhi njengoba lawa mabhethri futhi ehlukile kwamanye, kunzima ukukhuphula iqoqo lezinqubo zokwelashwa kwangaphambili kanye nokuvuselela kabusha, ngakho-ke wonke umsebenzi uphenduka izindleko kubakhiqizi bawo. Obani asebevele basebenza emamajini aqinile ekuqaleni?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi, abenzi be-EV ngokomthetho baqala emgqeni wokuphatha nokusebenzisa kabusha amabhethri abo amadala asetshenzisiwe, futhi naphezu kokungakhangi kwezomnotho kwawo wonke umsebenzi, baye bakhuthala ekusebenzisaneni nezinkampani ezinkulu ukuze bamise iziteshi ezisemthethweni zokuvuselela ibhethri. Izinkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu ezigaya kabusha sezihlumile. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukugaywa kabusha kuka-Tyson ku-Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt. I-Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, i-Hunan Brunp kanye nomholi wemakethe i-GEM. Kodwa naphezu kokuba khona kwalezi zinkampani ezinkulu ezinamalayisense, ingxenye enkulu yomkhakha wokugaywa kabusha kwamaShayina yenziwe ngamashabhu amancane, angenazo izincwadi. Lezi zitolo ezingahlelekile azinawo amathuluzi noma ukuqeqeshwa okufanele. Ngokuyisisekelo baya kuwn kulawa mabhethri wezinto zawo ze-cathode, aphinde athengiselwe umuntu othengile kakhulu futhi alahle amanye. Ngokusobala, lokhu kuyingozi enkulu yokuphepha kanye nemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhishwa kwemithetho nemithethonqubo, lezi zitolo ze-chop zingakhokhela abanikazi be-EV ngaphezulu ngamabhethri abo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kukhethwa ngaphezu, ukucaphuna, ukungacaphuni iziteshi ezisemthethweni. Ngakho, izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwe-lithium-ion e-China lihlala liphansi kakhulu ngo-2015. Lalicishe libe ngu-2%. Selokhu yakhula yafinyelela ku-10% ngo-2019. Ishaya induku ebukhali esweni, kodwa lokhu kusekude kakhulu nokuhle. Futhi uhlaka luka-2018 alubeki umgomo kumazinga wokuqoqwa kwebhethri. Ukweqiwa kwelukuluku. I-China ibilokhu idonsa kanzima ngale nkinga kwenye ibhethri elingaphambili, ibhethri elihlonishwayo le-lead acid, lobu buchwepheshe beminyaka engu-150 ubudala.isetshenziswa kakhulu eChina. Banikeza amandla enkanyezi ezimotweni zabo futhi basadume kakhulu ngamabhayisikili e-E. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kwemithetho yakamuva yokukhuthaza ukushintshwa kwayo nge-lithium ion. Noma kunjalo, ukugaywa kabusha kwesiShayina kwebhethri le-lead acid kusilela kakhulu kulokho okulindelekile namabhentshimakhi. Ngo-2017, ngaphansi kuka-30% wamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.3 wemfucumfucu yebhethri ye-lead ekhiqizwa e-China iyasetshenziswa kabusha. Izizathu zaleli phesenti eliphansi lokugaywa kabusha zifana kakhulu necala le-lithium ion. Izitolo ze-chop ezingakahleleki zeqa imithetho neziqondiso futhi ngaleyo ndlela zingakwazi ukukhokhela imali ethe xaxa ngamabhethri omthengi. AmaRoma akwenze kwacaca ukuthi umthofu awuyona into evumelana kakhulu nemvelo laphaya. I-China iye yabhekana nezigameko eziningi ezinkulu zobuthi bomthofu eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yalokhu kusingathwa ngendlela efanele. Ngaleyo ndlela, uhulumeni usanda kuzibophezela ekulweni nalezi zitolo ezilinganiselwa ku-200 ezweni lonke. Umgomo uwukuzama ukushaya amaphesenti angu-40% okugaywa kabusha ngo-2020 kanye nama-70% ngo-2025. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi iphesenti lokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri le-asidi eholayo eMelika beliku-99% kusukela okungenani ngo-2014, akumele kube nzima kangako.
Uma kucatshangelwa ubuchwepheshe kanye ne-ecoubunzima be-nomic obuhlobene nokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri e-EV, imboni icabange ngezindlela zokusebenzisa kakhulu lezi zinto ngaphambi kokuzithumela ethuneni labo. Inketho ephezulu kakhulu engaba ukuphinda uwasebenzise kumaphrojekthi egridi yamandla. Lawa mabhethri asenomthamo ongu-80% phela, futhi asengahamba iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuthi agcine ephumele ngaphandle. I-United States ihamba phambili lapha. Ngemva kokuhlola amabhethri emoto asetshenzisiwe kumaphrojekthi okugcina amandla amile kusukela ngo-2002. Kodwa i-China yenze amaphrojekthi athile athakazelisayo okukhombisa. Enye yezinto ezisebenza isikhathi eside iphrojekthi ye-Zhangbei wind and solar energy esifundazweni sase-Hebei. Le phrojekthi ebiza u-$1.3 billion isuka emizamweni ehlanganyelwe yebhizinisi lombuso wase-China eliphethwe yi-State Grid kanye ne-EV ekhiqiza amabhethri e-BYD, ekuboniseni ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa amabhethri e-Second Life EV ukusekela nokuphatha igridi yamandla. Amaphrojekthi amaningi wokuvuselela amabhethri e-EV aqhamuke eminyakeni yamuva nje e-Beijing, e-Jiangsu ukuze abe yimfucuza futhi iyakhanya. Uhulumeni ugxile kakhulu kulokhu, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi ekugcineni kuyivimbela kakhulu inkinga yokubuyisela kabusha eyixazululayo. Ngoba isiphetho esingenakugwemeka salo lonke ibhethri ukugaywa kabusha noma indawo yokulahla phansi. Uhulumeni waseChina wenze umsebenzi oncomekayo ekukhuthazeni ukwakhiwa kwalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo esichumayo. Izwe lingumholi ongabuzwa ezicini ezithile zobuchwepheshe bebhethri futhi ngokwehlukana, ama-V giants asekelwe lapho. Banethuba lokugoba ngempela ijika ekukhishweni kwezimoto. Ngakho ngandlela thize, le nkinga yokugaywa kabusha iyinkinga enhle ukuba nayo. Kuyinkomba yempumelelo yaseChina. Kodwa inkinga iseyinkinga futhi imboni ibilokhu ihudula izinyawo futhi isungula amanethiwekhi afanele okugaywa kabusha, imithethonqubo kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Uhulumeni waseShayina angabheka kunqubomgomo yase-United States ukuze uthole isiqondiso esithile kanye nokugqugquzela kanye nokunika amandla imikhuba efanelekile yokugaywa kabusha kwabathengi. Futhi uxhaso kumele lunikezwe amabhizinisi asembonini yobuchwepheshe bokuthenga ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokugaywa kabusha, hhayi kwezokukhiqiza kuphela. Uma kungenjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokulimala kwemvelo okuhlotshaniswa nalokhu kuchithwa kwebhethri kuzodlula noma iyiphi inzuzo esiyithola ngokushintshela ku-EV.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-01-2023