I-China yeyona marike inkulu ye-EV yehlabathi engaphezulu kwe-5.5 yezigidi ezithengisiweyo ukusuka ngoMatshi ka-2021. Le yinto entle ngeendlela ezininzi. I-China inezona moto zininzi ehlabathini kwaye ezi zithatha indawo yeegesi eziyingozi ze-greenhouse. Kodwa ezi zinto zineenkxalabo zazo zokuzinza. Kukho iinkxalabo malunga nomonakalo wokusingqongileyo obangelwa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezifana ne-lithium kunye ne-cobalt. Kodwa enye inkxalabo inento yokwenza nengxaki ezayo yenkcitho. I-China iqala ukufumana eyona nto iphambili kule ngxaki.
Ngo-2020. Iitoni ezingama-200,000 zeebhetri ziye zayekiswa ukusebenza kwaye inani lilindeleke ukuba libhale iitoni ezingama-780,000 ngo-2025. Jonga ingxaki yenkunkuma ye-EV ezayo yaseTshayina kwaye yintoni eyona nto inkulu yehlabathi yentengiso ye-EV eyenzayo ngayo.
Phantse zonke zaseTshayinaizithuthi zombane zinikwa amandla ziibhetri ze-lithium ion. Bakhaphukhaphu, ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kunye nobomi bomjikelo omde, kubenza babe lolona khetho lokuqala kwiimoto ezisebenza ngombane. Iibhetri zineentloko ezintathu ci-omponents kunye ne-anode, i-cathode kunye ne-electrolyte. Yese, i-cathode yeyona ibiza kakhulu kwaye ibalulekile. Sibalalisa ubukhulu becala phakathi kwezi bhetri ngokusekelwe kwiinqanawa zabo zekati. Not ukuntywila nzulu kule nto, kodwa uninzi lweebhetri ze-EV zaseTshayina zinecathodes ezenziwe nokuba yi-lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt oxides, ekubhekiselwa kuzo njenge-MCS. Ezi bhetri zidla umhlala-phantsi xa amandla azo afikelela kuma-80% ahambelana nobomi bethu benkonzo obumalunga ne-8 ukuya kwi-10 leminyaka. Oku, ngokuqinisekileyo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezithile ezifana nokutshaja rhoqo, imikhwa yokuqhuba, kunye neemeko zendlela.
Ndicinga ukuba ungathanda ukwazi. Ngeliza elikhulu lokuqala le-EVsukuqalisa ngo-2010 ukuya kowama-2011, iziseko zophuhliso zokuqokelela kunye nokusetyenzwa kwezi bhetri kuya kufuneka ukuba zibe sele zilungile ngokukhawuleza ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi. Yayingumceli mngeni kunye nexesha urhulumente waseTshayina ekwakufuneka ajongane nalo. Emva kweeOlimpiki zaseBeijing, uRhulumente waseTshayina waqala ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa nokusetyenziswa kwee-EV kuluntu ngokubanzi. Ngeli xesha imimiselo kuphela abayikhuphayo yimigangatho yokhuseleko lweshishini. Kuba izinto ezininzi zebhetri zinetyhefu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2010 wabona ukunyuka kwesithuthi sombane kunye naloo nto ikhula ngokukhawuleza imfuno yendlela yokujongana nenkcitho yabo.
Kwi-2012, ukuhambavernment ikhuphe isikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo kwishishini lonke le-EV kuyo okokuqala, isikhokelo sigxininise imfuneko, phakathi kwezinye izinto.r izinto, esebenzayo EV inkqubo ibhetri recycling. Ngo-2016, amaziko amaninzi adityaniswa kunye ukuseka umkhombandlela omanyeneyo wengxaki yenkunkuma ye-EV yebhetri. Abavelisi be-EV baya kuba noxanduva lokubuyisela iibhetri zeemoto zabo. Kufuneka baseke emva kothungelwano lwenkonzo yokuthengisa eyabo okanye bathembe umntu wesithathu ukuba aqokelele iibhetri ze-EV ezilahlwayo.
Urhulumente waseTshayina unomkhwa wokubhengeza umgaqo-nkqubo, isikhokelo okanye isikhokelo phambi kokuba abeke imigaqo ethe ngqo ngakumbi kamva. Isibhengezo se-2016 sibonakalisa ngokufanelekileyo kwiinkampani ze-EV ukuba zilindele okungakumbi kule minyaka izayo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-2018, ukulandelwa kwesikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo kwaphuma ngokukhawuleza, okubizwa ngokuba yimilinganiselo yesikhashana yokulawula ukuhlaziya kunye nokuSetyenziswa kweebhetri zamandla ezithuthi zamandla amatsha. Uyazibuza ukuba ubiza i-eves enentsingiselo kunye nee-hybrids. Iqumrhu lonyanzeliso liya kuba liSebe lezoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yoLwazi okanye i-MIIT.
Uye wathembisa emvakwi-2016, isakhelo sibeka kakhulu i-onus kumaziko abucala afana ne-EV kunye ne-EV abenzi beebhetri ezijongene nale ngxaki. Urhulumente uza kuphumelelajonga eminye imiba yobuchwephesha kwinzame, kodwa abazukuyenza ngokwabo. Esi sikhokelo sakhelwe phezu komgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo jikelele owamkelwa ngamaTshayina. Ubizwa ngokuba nguXanduva olwandisiweyo lomvelisi okanye i-EPR. Ingqikelelo yomoya kukutshintsha uxanduva olusuka kurhulumente wasekhaya nowamaphondo lusiwe kubavelisi ngokwabo.
Urhulumente waseTshayina wamkela i-EPR, endikholelwa ukuba yaphuma kwi-academia yaseNtshona ekuqaleni kwe-2000s. Njengempendulo kwimiyalelo ye-EU malunga nengxaki yenkunkuma ye-E ekhulayo, kwaye yenza ingqiqo ukuba urhulumente uhlala enguye ococa yonke le nkunkuma ye-E. Iinkampani ezenza loo nkunkuma azinakuze zikhuthazwe ukwenza izinto zazo zibe lula ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona. Ke ngoko kumoya we-EPR bonke abenzi beebhetri ze-EV kufuneka bayile iibhetri ekulula ukuziqhaqha kwaye babonelele ngobuchwephesha, iinkcukacha zokuphela kobomi kubathengi babo - Iimpawu ze-EVd abamakishi be-EV bona banokuseta kwaye baqhube eyabo ingqokelela yebhetri kunye nothungelwano lokurisayikilisha okanye bakhuphele ngaphandle komnye umntu. Urhulumente uza kunceda ekusekeni imigangatho yesizwe ukufezekisa le nkqubo. Isakhelo sibonakala sisihle kakhulu kumphezulu, kodwa kukho imiqobo ecacileyo.
Ngoku siyazi imbali kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo, sinokungena ngokulandelayo kwiinkcukacha ezimbalwa zobugcisa malunga nokuphinda kusetyenziswe ibhetri ye-EV. Iibhetri ezingagunyaziswanga zingene kwinkqubo ngokusebenzisa amajelo amabini ukusuka kwiimoto ezithatha indawo yebhetri kunye nakwiimoto. Ekupheleni kobomi babo. Kweyokugqibela, ibhetri isengaphakathi emotweni kwaye isusiwe njengenxalenye yokuphela kwenkqubo yokudilizwa kobomi. Oku kuhlala kuyinkqubo yezandla, ngakumbi eTshayina. Emva koko linyathelo elibizwa ngokuba lunyango lwangaphambili. Iiseli zebhetri kufuneka zitsalwe kwipakethi kwaye zivulwe, nto leyo engumceli mngeni kuba akukho yilo lomgangatho webhetri. Ngaloo ndlela kufuneka kwenziwe ngesandla kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.
Xa ibhetri isusiwed, kwenzeka ntoniI-xt ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwebhetri ye-lithium-ion ngaphakathi kwimoto. Masiqale ngebhetri ye-NMC, eyona ixhaphake kakhulu eTshayina. Iibhetri ezine ze-NMC zifuna ukubuyisela kwakhona. Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-cathode. Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho luka-2019 luqikelela ukuba nangona benza i-4% kuphela yobunzima beebhetri, benza ngaphezulu kwe-60% yexabiso leebhetri lilonke. Ubuchwephesha bokurisayikilisha be-NMC sele bukhulile ngokwentelekiso. U-Sony waba nguvulindlela ngo-1999. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zobuchwepheshe, i-Pyro metallurgical kunye ne-hydro metallurgical. Makhe siqale ngePyro metallurgical. I-Pyro ithetha umlilo. Ibhetri inyibilika ibe yintsimbi, ubhedu, icobalt kunye nenickel.
Izinto ezilungileyo zibuyiselwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ze-hydro metallurgical. Iindlela zePyro ziyatsha. Electrolytes, iiplastiki kunye neetyuwa ze-lithium. Ngoko asiyiyo yonke into enokubuyiselwa. Ikhupha iigesi eziyityhefu ezifuna ukulungiswa, kwaye inamandla kakhulu, kodwa yamkelwe ngokubanzi lishishini. Iindlela ze-Hydro metallurgical zisebenzisa i-solvent enamanzi ukwahlula izinto ezifunwayo nge-cobalt kwi-compound. Ezona zinyibilikisi zidla ngokusetyenziswa yiasidi yesulfuric kunye nehydrogen peroxide, kodwa zininzi nezinye. Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela ifanelekileyo kwaye umsebenzi owongezelelekileyo uyafuneka ukulungisa iziphene zabo zobugcisa. Iibhetri ze-Lithium iron phosphate zenza malunga ne-30% yemarike ye-EV yaseTshayina ukususela ngo-2019. Ezi bhetri zamandla ezixinzelelekileyo azikho phezulu njengama-NMC abo, kodwa zikhululekile kwizinto ezifana ne-nickel kunye ne-cobalt. Kukho kwakhona mhlawumbi ekhuselekileyo.
I-China ikwahamba phambili kwihlabathier kwisayensi kunye norhwebo lwe-lithium iron phosphate, itekhnoloji yebhetri, inkampani yaseTshayina, itekhnoloji ye-ampere yangoku. Ngaba yenye yeenkokheli zemveliso kule ndawo. Kufuneka yenze ingqiqo into yokuba ishishini lelizwe likwazi ukurisayikilisha ezi seli nazo. Oko kuthethiweyo, ukurisayikilishwa kwezi zinto kufumaniseke kunzima kakhulu kunobuchwephesha obulindelekileyo. Oku ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yokuba banomxube owahluka-hlukeneyo wezinto, nto leyo edinga umsebenzi owongezelelweyo obiza imali eninzi wonyango lwangaphambili, akwaye ke ngokoqoqosho lithiumiibhetri ze-iron phosphate azinazo iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana neebhetri ze-NMC ezazi nickel, ikopolo, okanye i-cobalt. Kwaye kubangele ukunqongophala kotyalo-mali kwi-niche. Kukho ezinye iimvavanyo ezithembisayo ze-hydro metallurgical eziye zakwazi ukuphuma ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85% ye-lithium ngendlela ye-lithium carbonate.Kuqikelelwa ukuba kuya kubiza malunga ne-650 yeedolaukuqhubekekaitoni yeebhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate echithiweyo. Oko kubandakanya amandla kunye neendleko zempahla, ngaphandle kokubala iindleko zokwakhaumzi-mveliso. Ukuchacha okunokubakho kunye nokuthengiswa kwakhona kwe-lithium kunokunceda ukwenza ukurisayikilisha okunokwenzeka ngakumbi ngokwezoqoqosho ukwenza, kodwa ijaji lisaphumile koku. Ngaba ezi ndlela kusafuneka ziphunyezwe kwinqanaba lezorhwebo? Isakhelo se-2018 sibeka kakhulu, kodwa sishiya izinto ezimbalwa ezifunekayo. Njengoko sonke sisazi ebomini, ayizizo zonke izinto ezihamba kakuhle kwisaphetha esicocekileyo esicocekileyo. Kukho imingxunya embalwa elahlekileyo apha, ke makhe sithethe kancinci malunga neminye yemibuzo yepolisi esemoyeni. Injongo yeenkcukacha-manani eziphambili ekukhululweni okanye kumazinga okubuyisela izinto ezikrwada. I-98% ye-nickel cobalt, i-manganese i-85% ye-lithium ngokwayo kunye ne-97% yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ngokwenyani, konke oku kunokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, ndithethe ngokubuyisela i-85% okanye ngaphezulu kwe-lithium kwiibhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate. Ndiphinde ndakhankanya ukuba kuya kuba nzima ukufezekisa le nkcazo ephezulu ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwehlabathi kunye nokungafani emhlabeni. Khumbula, zininzi iindlela enokwenziwa ngazo iiseli zebhetri. Ipakishwe, ithengiswa kwaye isetyenzisiwe. Akukho ndawo ikufutshane nokubekwa emgangathweni esikubonayo ngeebhetri zecylindrical ezithengiswayo kwi-711 yakho.Inkqubo-sikhokelo yomgaqo-nkqubo iswele uncediso-mali olubambekayo kunye nenkxaso yesizwe yokwenza oku kube yinyani. Enye inkxalabo enkulu yinkqubo-sikhokelo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho ayinayot ukwaba imali yokukhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kweebhetri ezisetyenzisiweyo. Zimbalwa iinkqubo ezilingwayo zokuthenga kwakhona eziqhutywa ngoomasipala, kodwa akukho nto kwinqanaba likazwelonke. Oku kunokutshintsha, mhlawumbi ngerhafu okanye irhafu, kodwa ngoku abadlali becandelo labucala kufuneka bazixhase ngokwabo. Lo ngumba kuba kukho inkuthazo encinci yezoqoqosho kwaba benzi be-EV bakhulu ukuba baqokelele kwaye baphinde basebenzise iibhetri zabo.
Ukususela kwi-2008 ukuya kwi-2015, iindleko zokuvelisa kunye ne-EV ibhetri yehla ukusuka kwi-1000 USD ngeyure ye-kilowatt ukuya kwi-268. Loo mkhwa kulindeleke ukuba uqhubeke kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo. Ukwehla kweendleko kwenze ukuba kufikeleleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili, kodwa kwangaxeshanye baye bathoba inkuthazo ekuqokelelweni nasekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha kwezi bhetri. Kwaye ekubeni ezi bhetri zahlukile enye kwenye, kunzima ukunyusa ingqokelela yonyango lwangaphambili kunye neenkqubo zokurisayikilishwa, ngoko ke lonke eli phulo lijika libe yindleko kubenzi bazo. Ngoobani esele besebenza kwimida exineneyo ekuqaleni?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba, abenzi be-EV ngomthetho baqala ngomgca wokuphatha kunye nokuphinda basebenzise iibhetri zabo ezindala ezichithwe, kwaye nangona ukungathandeki kwezoqoqosho kulo lonke i-venture, baye bakhuthala ngokubambisana neenkampani ezinkulu ukuseka iziteshi ezisemthethweni zokuvuselela ibhetri. Iinkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu zokurisayikilisha ziye zahluma. Imizekelo ibandakanya uTyson recycling ukuya eZhejiang Huayou Cobalt. I-Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, i-Hunan Brunp kunye nenkokeli yemarike ye-GEM. Kodwa ngaphandle kobukho bezi nkampani zinkulu zinelayisenisi, uninzi lwecandelo laseTshayina lokurisayikilisha lenziwe ziindibano zocweyo ezincinci nezingenampepha-mvume. Ezi venkile zingekho sikweni azinazo izixhobo ezifanelekileyo okanye uqeqesho. Ngokusisiseko baya kuwn kwezi bhetri zemathiriyeli yazo yecathode, ziphinde zithengiselwe kowona maxabiso aphezulu kwaye zilahle ezinye. Ngokucacileyo, lo ngumngcipheko omkhulu wokhuseleko kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yale skirting imithetho kunye nemimiselo, ezi venkile chop unako ukuhlawula abanini EV ngakumbi iibhetri zabo, kwaye njengoko zikhethwa ngaphezu, quote, unquote amajelo asemthethweni. Ngaloo ndlela, izinga le-lithium-ion recycling e-China lihlala liphantsi kakhulu ngo-2015. Yayimalunga ne-2%. Ukususela oko ikhule ukuya kwi-10% ngo-2019. Ibetha intonga ebukhali emehlweni, kodwa oku kusekude kakhulu. Kwaye isakhelo se-2018 asibekeli umgomo kumazinga okuqokelela ibhetri. Ukushiywa okunomdla. I-China izamana nale ngxaki kwenye ibhetri engaphambili, ibhetri yeasidi ehloniphekileyo, le teknoloji ye-150 yeminyaka ubudala.isetyenziswa kakhulu eTshayina. Babonelela ngamandla eenkwenkwezi kwiimoto zabo kwaye basathandwa kakhulu kwiibhayisekile ze-E. Oku kungakhathaliseki imimiselo yakutshanje ukukhuthaza ukutshintshwa kwabo nge-lithium ion. Ngapha koko, ukurisayikilishwa kwamaTshayina kwebhetri yeasidi ekhokelayo kusilela kakhulu koko kulindelweyo kunye nebenchmarks. Ngo-2017, ngaphantsi kwe-30% ye-3.3 yezigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma ye-asidi yebhetri eyenziwe e-China iphinda isetyenziswe. Izizathu zale pesenti ephantsi yokuphinda isetyenziswe zifana kakhulu ne-lithium ion case. Iivenkile ze-chop ezingacwangciswanga zinxiba imithetho nemigaqo kwaye ziyakwazi ukuhlawula imali eninzi kakhulu kwiibhetri zabathengi. AmaRoma ayenze yacaca into yokuba ilothe ayisiyiyo kanye eyona nto ihambelana nokusingqongileyo. I-China iye yahlangabezana neziganeko ezininzi zetyhefu yelothe kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yolu kuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga. Kungoko, urhulumente kutsha nje uthembise ukuba uzakuzinqanda ezi venkile zingekho sikweni, nalapho kuqikelelwa ukuba zingaphaya kwamakhulu amabini kwilizwe jikelele. Injongo kukuzama ukubetha ipesenti ye-40 yepesenti yokubuyisela kwakhona kwi-2020 kunye ne-70% kwi-2025. Ukuqwalasela ukuba ipesenti ye-asidi yokubuyisela ibhetri ye-asidi eMelika ibe yi-99% ukususela ubuncinane kwi-2014, akufanele kube nzima.
Ukuqwalasela ubuchwephesha kunye ne-ecoUbunzima be-nomic obunxulunyaniswa nokuphinda kusetyenziswe iibhetri ze-EV, ishishini licinge malunga neendlela zokusebenzisa ngakumbi ezi zinto ngaphambi kokuzithumela engcwabeni labo. Olona khetho luphezulu lunokuba kukusebenzisa kwakhona kwiiprojekthi zegridi yamandla. Ezi bhetri zisenomthamo wama-80% emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kwaye zisenokuhamba kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba ziphume ziphelele. I-United States ihamba phambili apha. Emva kokuzama iibhetri zemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiiprojekthi zokugcina amandla amileyo ukususela ngo-2002. Kodwa i-China yenze iiprojekthi zokubonisa umdla. Enye yezona zinto zide zisebenza yiprojekthi ye-Zhangbei yomoya kunye namandla elanga kwiphondo laseHebei. Iprojekthi ye-1.3 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ivela kwiinzame ezihlangeneyo ezivela kwi-State Grid ye-State Grid kunye ne-EV umenzi webhetri we-BYD, ekuboniseni ukuba nokwenzeka kokusebenzisa iibhetri ze-Second Life EV ukuxhasa nokulawula igridi yamandla. Iiprojekthi ezingakumbi zokuhlaziya ibhetri ye-EV ziye zavela kwiminyaka yakutshanje eBeijing, eJiangsu ukuba ibe yinkunkuma kwaye iyakhanya. Urhulumente ugxininisa kakhulu kule nto, kodwa ndicinga ukuba ekugqibeleni iyayinqanda ingxaki yokubuyisela kwakhona eyisombululayo. Ngenxa yokuba isiphelo esingenakuthintelwa sayo yonke ibhetri kukurisayikilisha okanye itiphu. Urhulumente waseTshayina wenze umsebenzi oncomekayo ekukhuthazeni ukuyilwa kwale nkqubo ikhulayo yendalo. Ilizwe liyinkokeli engathandabuzekiyo kwiinkalo ezithile zobuchwepheshe bebhetri kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo, i-V giants isekelwe apho. Banethuba lokugoba ngokwenene igophe kukukhutshwa kwemoto. Ke ngenye indlela, lo mba wokurisayikilisha yingxaki entle ukuba nawo. Luphawu lwempumelelo yaseTshayina. Kodwa ingxaki iseyingxaki kwaye ishishini liye latsala iinyawo zalo kwaye liseka uthungelwano olufanelekileyo lokusebenzisa kwakhona, imimiselo kunye nobuchwepheshe.
URhulumente waseTshayina unokujonga kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-United States ngesikhokelo esithile kunye nokukhuthaza kunye nokwenza ukuba imikhwa efanelekileyo yokuhlaziya abathengi. Kwaye uncediso-mali kufuneka lunikezelwe kumashishini akwimveliso yangaphambili kunye nokuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe, hayi kwimveliso kuphela. Kungenjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nomonakalo wokusingqongileyo onxulunyaniswa noku kulahlwa kwebhetri kuya kodlula nayiphi na inzuzo esiyifumanayo ngokutshintshela kwi-EV.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-01-2023