China ndiyo musika mukuru weEV wepasi rose une anopfuura 5.5 miriyoni akatengeswa kubva munaKurume 2021.Ichi chinhu chakanaka munzira dzakawanda. China ine mota dzakawanda pasi rose uye idzi dziri kutsiva magreenhouse gasi anokuvadza. Asi zvinhu izvi zvine zvazvinetsekera zvekusimudzira. Iko kune kushushikana pamusoro pekukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nekutorwa kwezvinhu zvakaita selithium necobalt. Asi chimwe chinonetsa chine chekuita nedambudziko riri kuuya remarara. China iri kutanga kuona kutungamira kwedambudziko iri.
Muna 2020. 200,000 matani emabhatiri akabviswa uye nhamba inotarisirwa kunyora matani 780,000 panosvika 2025. Tarisa kuChina kuri kuuya dambudziko reEV marara ebhatiri uye izvo musika mukuru weEV uri kuita nezvazvo.
Anenge ese eChinamota dzemagetsi dzinofambiswa ne lithium ion mabhatiri. Idzo dzakareruka, huwandu hwesimba uye hupenyu hurefu hwekutenderera, ita ivo sarudzo yekutanga yemagetsi magetsi. Mabhatiri ane matatu makuru coponents uye anode, cathode uye electrolyte. Yese, iyo cathode ndiyo inonyanya kudhura uye yakakosha. Isu tinonyanya kusiyanisa pakati pemabhatiri aya zvichienderana nemabhoti avo ekati. Not kunyura zvakanyanya mune izvi, asi mazhinji emabhatiri eEV eChina ane cathodes akagadzirwa nelithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt oxides, iyo inonzi MCS. Aya mabhatiri anoregedzerwa kana simba rawo richisvika 80% zvinoenderana nehupenyu hwedu hwesevhisi hwemakore masere kusvika gumi. Izvi, zvechokwadi zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu senge kuchaja frequency, maitiro ekutyaira, uye mamiriro emugwagwa.
Ndafunga kuti unoda kuziva. Nekutanga kukuru kweEVskurova mugwagwa imwe nguva muna 2010 kusvika 2011, zvivakwa zvekutora nekugadzirisa mabhatiri aya zvaizoda kunge zvave kugadzirira mukupera kwemakore gumi. Ndiro raive dambudziko uye nguva yaifanira kutarisana nehurumende yeChina. Mushure meBeijing Olympics, Hurumende yeChina yakatanga kusimudzira kugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemaEV kune veruzhinji. Panguva ino iyo chete mirau yavakaburitsa yakabatwa ndeye indasitiri chengetedzo zviyero. Sezvo akawanda mabhatiri zvikamu zvine chepfu. Pakutanga 2010 yakaona kukura kutorwa kwemotokari yemagetsi uye neiyo iyo yakaenzana kukurumidza kukurumidza kudiwa kwenzira yekubata nemarara avo.
Muna 2012, kuendavernment yakaburitsa gwara regwaro reiyo yese EV indasitiri mairi kekutanga, nhungamiro yakasimbisa kukosha kwe, pakati pezvimwe.r zvinhu, inoshanda EV bhatiri recycling system. Muna 2016, maministries akati wandei akabatana pamwechete kumisikidza nzira yakabatana yedambudziko remarara reEV bhatiri. Vagadziri veEV vaizove nebasa rekudzoreredza mabhatiri emota yavo. Ivo vanofanirwa kumisa mushure mekutengesa sevhisi network yavo kana kuvimba nevechitatu bato kuti vatore marara EV mabhatiri.
Hurumende yeChina ine tsika yekutanga kuzivisa gwara, gwara kana gwara isati yaisa mimwe mitemo yakananga gare gare. Chirevo che2016 chinonyatso ratidza kumakambani eEV kutarisira zvakawanda pane izvi mumakore anotevera. Zvakadai, muna 2018, iyo policy framework yekuteedzera yakabuda nekukurumidza, yakanzi matanho enguva pfupi ekutonga kwekudzokorodza uye Kushandiswa kwemabhatiri emagetsi emotokari nyowani dzesimba. Unoshaya kuti unoti eaves here uyezve mahybrids. Boka rinosimbisa raizove Bazi reIndasitiri uye Ruzivo Tekinoroji kana MIIT.
Yakavimbisa kudzokamuna 2016, hurongwa hunonyanya kuisa onus kumasangano akazvimirira seEV uye EV vanogadzira bhatiri vanobata nedambudziko iri. Hurumende ichachinjarsee mamwe maitiro ehunyanzvi ekuedza, asi ivo havasi kuzozviita ivo pachavo. Iyi dhizaini yakavakirwa pamusoro pegwaro rekutonga rakatorwa nemaChina. Inonzi yakawedzera mugadziri Basa kana EPR. Pfungwa yezvemweya ndeye kuendesa mutoro kumusoro kubva kuhurumende dzenzvimbo nematunhu kuenda kune vanogadzira ivo pachavo.
Hurumende yeChinese yakatora EPR, yandinotenda kuti yakabva kuWestern academia mukutanga kwe2000s. Semhinduro kumirairo yeEU maererano nedambudziko remarara E riri kukura, uye zvine musoro kana hurumende iri iyo nguva dzose inochenesa E yose iyi tsvina. Makambani ari kuita kuti marara haazombofa akakurudzirwa kuita kuti zvinhu zvavo zvive nyore kudzokorodza. Saka mumweya weEPR vese vanogadzira mabhatiri eEV vanofanirwa kugadzira mabhatiri ari nyore kuburitsa uye kupa ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, rwekupedzisira-kwehupenyu kune vatengi vavod iwo maEV mamaki ivowo kuti vamise uye vamhanye yavo yekuunganidza bhatiri uye kudzokorodza network kana kuapa kune wechitatu bato. Hurumende ichabatsira kumisa mitemo yenyika kuitira kuti chirongwa ichi chienderere mberi. Iyo dhizaini inoita seyakanaka kwazvo pamusoro, asi pane zvimwe zvakajeka zvinokanganisa.
Sezvo isu tave kuziva nhoroondo uye mutemo, isu tinotevera kunyura mune mashoma ehunyanzvi ruzivo nezve EV bhatiri recycling. Mabhatiri akarambidzwa akapinda muhurongwa kuburikidza nematanho maviri kubva kumotokari dziri kutsiva bhatiri uye kubva kumota. Pakupera kwehupenyu hwavo. Kune yekupedzisira, bhatiri richiri mukati memotokari uye rinobviswa sechikamu chekuguma kwehupenyu kuputsa maitiro. Izvi zvinoramba zviri zvemanyorero maitiro, kunyanya muChina. Mushure meizvozvo pane danho rinonzi pretreatment. Masero ebhatiri anofanirwa kudhonzwa kubva mupakiti uye kuvhurwa, zvinova zvinonetsa sezvo pasina yakajairwa bhatiri paki dhizaini. Saka zvinofanirwa kuitwa nemaoko uchishandisa maturusi akasarudzika.
Kana bhatiri rabviswad, chii chinoitika next zvinoenderana nerudzi rwe lithium-ion bhatiri mukati memotokari. Ngatitange nebhatiri reNMC, rinonyanya kuwanikwa muChina. Mabhatiri mana eNMC anodzokorodza anoda kupora. Iyo cathode inoshanda zvinhu. Ongororo yezvehupfumi ya2019 inofungidzira kuti kunyangwe ichingoita 4% chete yehuremu hwemabhatiri, ivo vanoumba anopfuura makumi matanhatu muzana emabhatiri akazara kukosha kwesalvage. NMC recycling matekinoroji ane zvishoma. Sony yakapayona muna 1999. Pane nzira mbiri huru dzetekinoroji, Pyro metallurgical uye hydro metallurgical. Ngatitangei nePyro metallurgical. Pyro zvinoreva moto. Bhatiri rinonyungudutswa kuita alloy yesimbi, mhangura, cobalt, uye nickel.
Izvo zvakanaka zvinhu zvinobva zvadzoserwa uchishandisa hydro metallurgical nzira. Pyro nzira dzinopisa. Electrolytes, mapurasitiki uye lithium munyu. Saka hazvisi zvese zvinogona kudzoserwa. Inoburitsa magasi ane muchetura anoda kugadziriswa, uye ane simba rakawanda, asi yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya neindasitiri. Hydro metallurgical nzira dzinoshandisa aqueous solvent kuparadzanisa zvinhu zvinodiwa necobalt kubva mukomboni. Zvinonyanya kushandiswa zvinonyungudutsa sulfuric acid nehydrogen peroxide, asi kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvakare. Hapana kana imwe yenzira idzi yakanaka uye rimwe basa rinodiwa kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvavo zvehunyanzvi. Lithium iron phosphate mabhatiri anoumba anenge 30% emusika weChinese EV kubva muna 2019. Aya mabhatiri emagetsi emagetsi haana kukwirira seawo NMC, asi haana zvinhu zvakaita senickel uye cobalt. Ikokowo zvimwe zvakachengeteka.
China zvakare ndiyo inotungamira pasi roseer mune sainzi uye kushambadzira kwelithium iron phosphate, bhatiri tekinoroji, kambani yeChinese, yemazuva ano ampere tekinoroji. Ndiye mumwe wevatungamiriri vekugadzira munzvimbo ino. Izvo zvinofanirwa kuve zvine musoro kuti indasitiri yenyika ikwanise kudzoreredza maseru aya zvakare. Izvo zviri kutaurwa, kudzokorodza zvinhu izvi kwave kunetsa tekinoroji kupfuura zvakaipa zvinotarisirwa. Izvi zviri muchikamu nekuda kwekuve nemusanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana wezvinhu, izvo zvinoda kuwedzera basa rinodhura rekugadzirira, a.uye ipapo economically lithiummabhatiri e iron phosphate haana simbi dzakakosha senge NMC mabhatiri anoziva nickel, mhangura, kana cobalt. Uye zvakakonzera kushomeka kwekudyara mu niche. Kune mamwe anovimbisa hydro metallurgical kuyedza akakwanisa kuburitsa kusvika ku85% ye lithium muchimiro che lithium carbonate.Kufungidzira kuri kuti ingangoita $650kugadzirisatani yakashandiswa lithium iron phosphate mabhatiri. Izvo zvinosanganisira simba uye mutengo wezvinhu, kwete kuverenga mutengo wekuvakafekitari. Iko kugona kudzoreredza uye kutengeswazve kwelithium kunogona kubatsira kuita kuti kudzokorodza kuve nyore kuita mune zvehupfumi kuita, asi vatongi vachiri kunze pane izvi. Nzira idzi hadzisati dzaitwa here pachiyero chekutengeserana? Iyo 2018 framework inoronga zvakawanda, asi inosiya zvinhu zvishoma zvingadiwa. Sezvatinoziva tese muhupenyu, hazvisi zvese zvinosimuka muuta hudiki hwakachena. Pane mashoma makomba asipo pano, saka ngatitaure zvishoma nezvemimwe yemibvunzo yepolicy ichiri kumhepo. Chinangwa chepamusoro chenhamba pakuburitswa kana maRaw material recovery rates. 98% ye nickel cobalt, manganese 85% ye lithium pachayo uye 97% yezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi. Sezvineiwo, izvi zvese zvinogoneka. Semuenzaniso, ndangotaura nezve kudzoreredza 85% kana kupfuura ye lithium kubva ku lithium iron phosphate mabhatiri. Ini zvakare ndakataura kuti zvichave zvakaoma kuzadzisa iyi theoretical yepamusoro nekuda kweiyo-yepasirese kusashanda uye misiyano pasi. Rangarira, kune nzira dzakawanda idzo masero ebhatiri anogona kugadzirwa. Packed, kutengeswa uye kushandiswa. Hapana pese padhuze nekumisikidzwa kwatinoona nemabhatiri ecylindrical anotengeswa mu711 yako. Hurongwa hwepolicy hunoshaya rubatsiro rwekongiri nerutsigiro rwenyika rwekuita kuti izvi zvive zvechokwadi. Chimwe chinonetsa zvikuru hurongwa hwehupfumi hwehupfumi hunoita kwetet kugovera mari yekukurudzira kuunganidzwa kwemabhatiri akashandiswa. Kune mashoma ekutenga back pilot zvirongwa zvinofambiswa nemakanzuru, asi hapana padanho renyika. Izvi zvinogona kuchinja, pamwe nemutero kana mutero, asi izvozvi vatambi vemakambani akazvimirira vanofanirwa kuzvipa mari ivo pachavo. Iyi inyaya nekuti kune kushoma kwehupfumi kurudziro yevagadziri veEV hombe kuunganidza nekudzokorodza mabhatiri avo.
Kubva 2008 kusvika 2015, mari yekugadzira uye EV bhatiri yakaderera kubva ku1000 USD pa kilowatt awa kusvika 268. Izvozvo zvinotarisirwa kuenderera mberi mumakore mashomanana anotevera. Kudonha kwemitengo kwakaita kuti zviwanikwe zvakanyanya kupfuura nakare kose, asi panguva imwe chete ivo vakadzikisawo kukurudzira kuunganidza nekudzoreredza mabhatiri aya. Uye sezvo mabhatiri aya akasiyanawo kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, zvakaoma kukwidza kuunganidzwa kwekutanga uye kudzokorodza maitiro, saka iyo yese venture inoshanduka kuita yekudonhedza mutengo kune vanogadzira. Ndiani anotoshanda pamiganho yakamanikana kutanga?
Zvisinei, vagadziri veEV nemutemo ndivo vanotanga mumutsara wekubata uye kudzokorodza mabhatiri avo ekare akashandiswa, uye kunyangwe nekusakwezva kwehupfumi hwebasa rose, vakashinga mukubatana nemakambani makuru kugadzira nzira dzepamutemo dzekudzokorora bhatiri. Makambani mashoma makuru ekudzokorodza abuda. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Tyson kudzokorodza kuZhejiang Huayou Cobalt. Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, Hunan Brunp uye mutungamiri wemusika GEM. Asi zvisinei nekuvepo kwemakambani makuru ane marezenisi aya, ruzhinji rwechikamu chekuChina chekudzokorodza zvakare chinoumbwa nediki, dzisina rezinesi. Zvitoro zvisina kurongwa izvi hazvina maturusi akakodzera kana kudzidziswa. Chaizvoizvo vanoenda kunewn pamabhatiri aya emidziyo yavo yecathode, vachiatengesa kune akanyanya bhidhiri uye achirasa mamwe. Zviripachena, iyi idambudziko rakakura rekuchengetedza uye nharaunda. Nekuda kweiyi kutenderera kwemitemo nemirau, aya mashopu echop anogona kubhadhara varidzi veEV zvakanyanya kumabhatiri avo, uye nekudaro vanosarudzwa pamusoro, quote, unquote chiteshi chepamutemo. Nokudaro, iyo lithium-ion recycling rate muChina inoramba iri yakaderera muna 2015. Yaiva inenge 2%. Yakakura kusvika 10% muna 2019. Inorova tsvimbo inopinza muziso, asi izvi zvichiri kure nezvakanaka. Uye iyo 2018 framework haina kuisa chinangwa pamari yekuunganidza bhatiri. Kusiiwa kwekuda kuziva. China yanga ichinetsekana nedambudziko iri pane imwe bhatiri kumberi, inoremekedzwa lead acid bhatiri, iyi tekinoroji yemakore zana nemakumi mashanu.inonyanya kushandiswa muChina. Ivo vanopa iyo nyeredzi simba remota dzavo uye vachiri kufarirwa zvakanyanya kune E mabhasikoro. Izvi zvisinei nemirau ichangoburwa yekukurudzira kuvatsiva ne lithium ion. Zvakadaro, kudzokorodza kweChinese kweiyo lead acid bhatiri inowira ipfupi pane zvinotarisirwa uye mabhenji. Muna 2017, isingasviki 30% yematani 3.3 miriyoni e lead acid bhatiri tsvina inogadzirwa muChina inodzokororwa. Zvikonzero zveiyi yakaderera kudzokorodza muzana yakafanana zvakanyanya neiyo lithium ion kesi. Zvitoro zvisina kurongeka zvitoro zvinopfekedza mitemo nemirau uye nekudaro zvinokwanisa kubhadhara yakawanda yakawanda kune evatengi mabhatiri. MaRoma akajekesa kuti mutobvu hausi iwo chaiwo ushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza chinhu kunze uko. China yakasangana nezviitiko zvakakura zvechepfu ye lead mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekubata zvisina kunaka uku. Nekudaro, nguva pfupi yadarika hurumende yakavimbisa kurwisa zvitoro zvisina kurongwa izvi, izvo zvinonzi zviri kupfuura mazana maviri munyika yose. Chinangwa ndechekuedza uye kurova 40% yekudzokorora muzana mu2020 uye 70% muna 2025. Tichifunga kuti iyo lead acid bhatiri recycling muzana muAmerica yave iri pa99% kubva zvishoma 2014, haifanirwe kunge yakaoma zvakadaro.
Tichifunga nezvehunyanzvi uye economic matambudziko ane chekuita nekudzokorodza mabhatiri eEV, indasitiri yakafunga nezve nzira dzekushandisa zvakanyanya zvinhu izvi isati yavaendesa kuguva ravo. Iyo yakanyanya kunaka sarudzo ingave yekuishandisa zvakare mumapurojekiti emagetsi emagetsi. Aya mabhatiri achine 80% kugona shure kwezvose, uye anogona kubva makore mazhinji asati apedzisira aenda kune zvakanaka. United States inotungamira nzira pano. Takaedza mabhatiri emotokari akashandiswa pamapurojekiti ekuchengetedza simba kubva muna 2002. Asi China yakaita zvirongwa zvekuratidzira zvinonakidza. Imwe yeakareba kwazvo anoshanda ndeye Zhangbei mhepo uye simba rezuva purojekiti mudunhu reHebei. Chirongwa che$1.3 bhiriyoni chinobva mukuedza kwakabatana kubva kukambani yehurumende yeChina State Grid uye EV inogadzira mabhatiri BYD, mukuratidzira kugona kwekushandisa mabhatiri eSecond Life EV kutsigira nekugadzirisa gidhi remagetsi. Mamwe mapurojekiti eEV ekudzokorodza bhatiri auya mumakore achangopfuura muBeijing, Jiangsu kuita junk uye inopenya. Hurumende iri kuisa zvakanyanya kutarisisa pane izvi, asi ndinofunga pakupedzisira zvinodzivirira dambudziko rekudzokorora rinorigadzirisa. Nekuti kuguma kusingadzivisike kwebhatiri rega rega kungave kudzokorodza kana kuzadza. Hurumende yeChina yakaita basa rinoyemurika mukukurudzira kusikwa kweiyi nharaunda iri kubudirira. Nyika ndiyo mutungamiriri asina kubvunzwa mune zvimwe zvinhu zvebhatiri tekinoroji uye akati wandei, V hofori dzakavakirwa ipapo. Ivo vane mukana wekunyatso kotamisa curve mukubuda kwemotokari. Saka neimwe nzira, iyi nyaya yekudzokorora idambudziko rakanaka kuva nazvo. Icho chiratidzo chekubudirira kweChina. Asi dambudziko richiri dambudziko uye indasitiri yanga ichikweva makumbo uye nekumisikidza akakodzera kudzokorora network, mirau uye matekinoroji.
Hurumende yeChinese inogona kutarisa kuUnited States mutemo kune imwe nhungamiro uye kukurudzira uye kugonesa tsika dzakafanira dzevatengi zvakare. Uye rubatsiro runofanira kuendeswa kumabhizinesi ari mu pretreatment uye recycling tekinoroji maindasitiri, kwete mukugadzira chete. Zvikasadaro, mashandisiro esimba uye kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakabatana neaya mabhatiri kuraswa kunodarika chero rubatsiro rwatinowana kubva pakuchinjira kuenda kuEV.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-01-2023