Ubushinwa nisoko rinini rya EV ku isi rifite miliyoni zirenga 5.5 zagurishijwe guhera muri Werurwe 2021. Iki nikintu cyiza muburyo bwinshi. Ubushinwa bufite imodoka nyinshi kwisi kandi busimbuza imyuka yangiza parike. Ariko ibi bintu bifite impungenge zabo zirambye. Hariho impungenge zijyanye no kwangiza ibidukikije bituruka ku gukuramo ibintu nka lithium na cobalt. Ariko ikindi gihangayikishije ni ikibazo kiza cyimyanda. Ubushinwa butangiye kubona icyerekezo cyambere cyiki kibazo.
Muri 2020. Toni 200.000 za bateri zahagaritswe kandi biteganijwe ko iyi mibare izandika toni 780.000 muri 2025. Reba ikibazo cy’imyanda ya batiri ya EV kiri mu Bushinwa ndetse n’icyo isoko rikomeye rya EV ku isi ribikora.
Hafi y'Ubushinwaibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bikoreshwa na bateri ya lithium. Nibyoroshye, imbaraga nyinshi nubuzima burebure bwikigihe, ubahitemo bwa mbere kumodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Batteri ifite c eshatu zingenzi cibice na anode, cathode na electrolyte. Byase, cathode niyo ihenze cyane kandi ikomeye. Dutandukanya ahanini bateri dushingiye kumato yinjangwe. N.ot kugirango yibire cyane muribi, ariko bateri nyinshi za EV zo mubushinwa zifite cathodes ikozwe muri lithium, nikel, manganese, cobalt oxyde, bita MCS. Izi bateri zirasezerewe mugihe ubushobozi bwazo bugera kuri 80% bijyanye nubuzima bwa serivisi bwimyaka 8 kugeza 10. Ibi, byukuri biterwa nibintu bimwe na bimwe nko kwishyuza inshuro, ingeso zo gutwara, nuburyo umuhanda umeze.
Tekereza ko ushaka kumenya. Hamwe numurongo wambere wingenzi wa EVgukubita umuhanda mugihe cya 2010 kugeza 2011, ibikorwa remezo byo gukusanya no gutunganya bateri byakenera kuba byiteguye bitarenze impera yimyaka icumi. Iyo yari ingorane n'ingengabihe guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yagombaga gukemura. Nyuma y'imikino Olempike yabereye i Beijing, Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yatangiye guteza imbere gukora no gukoresha imashini za EV ku baturage muri rusange. Muri iki gihe amabwiriza yonyine bashyize hanze yakozwe ni amahame y’umutekano mu nganda. Kubera ko ibice byinshi bya batiri bifite uburozi. Mu ntangiriro za 2010 hagaragaye ubwiyongere bw’imodoka y’amashanyarazi kandi hamwe n’uburyo bwihuse bukenera uburyo bwo guhangana n’imyanda yabo.
Muri 2012, gendavernment yasohoye umurongo ngenderwaho wa politiki yinganda zose za EV muri yo kunshuro yambere, ubuyobozi bwashimangiye ko bikenewe, muri other ibintu, sisitemu ikora ya batiri ikora. Muri 2016, minisiteri nyinshi zishyize hamwe kugirango zishyireho icyerekezo kimwe kubibazo bya imyanda ya batiri ya EV. Abakora EV baba bashinzwe kugarura bateri yimodoka yabo. Bagomba gushiraho nyuma yumurongo wa serivise yo kugurisha bonyine cyangwa bakizera undi muntu gukusanya bateri ya EV.
Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa ifite imyumvire yo kubanza gutangaza politiki, ubuyobozi cyangwa icyerekezo mbere yo gushyiraho amategeko yihariye nyuma. Itangazo rya 2016 ryerekana neza ibigo bya EV gutegereza byinshi kuri ibi mumyaka iri imbere. Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu mwaka wa 2018, gahunda yo gukurikirana politiki yasohotse mu buryo bwihuse, yiswe ingamba z'agateganyo zo gucunga neza gutunganya no gukoresha bateri z'amashanyarazi z’imodoka nshya. Wibaze niba wita ibisobanuro eva kandi na Hybride. Urwego rushyirwa mu bikorwa rwaba Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho cyangwa MIIT.
Yasezeranije kugarukamuri 2016, urwego rushyira ahanini ibigo byigenga nkabakora bateri ya EV na EV bakemura iki kibazo. Guverinoma izabishakareba ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya tekiniki y'ibikorwa, ariko ntabwo bagiye kubikora ubwabo. Uru rwego rwubatswe hejuru ya politiki rusange y’imiyoborere Abashinwa bemeje. Yitwa kwagura producer Inshingano cyangwa EPR. Igitekerezo cyo mu mwuka ni uguhindura inshingano ziva muri guverinoma zinzego zibanze n’intara kugeza kubabikora ubwabo.
Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yemeye EPR, ndizera ko yavuye mu ishuri ry’iburengerazuba mu ntangiriro ya 2000. Nkigisubizo cyamabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yiyongera ku kibazo cy’imyanda ya E igenda yiyongera, kandi birumvikana ko niba guverinoma ihora ari yo isukura iyi myanda yose E. Ibigo bikora ko imyanda itazigera ishishikarizwa koroshya ibintu byayo. Rero, mu mwuka wa EPR abakora bateri bose ba EV bagomba gukora bateri byoroshye gusenya no gutanga tekiniki, iherezo ryubuzima kubakiriya babo - Ibimenyetso bya EV and ibimenyetso bya EV muburyo bwo gushiraho no gukoresha ibyegeranyo byabo bya batiri hamwe nu miyoboro ikoreshwa neza cyangwa kubitanga kubandi bantu. Guverinoma izafasha gushyiraho amahame y’igihugu kugira ngo inzira igerweho. Urwego rusa neza neza hejuru, ariko haribibi bigaragara neza.
Noneho ko tumaze kumenya amateka na politiki, turashobora gukurikira kwibira mubintu bike bya tekinike kubyerekeranye na batiri ya EV. Batteri yaciwe yinjiye muri sisitemu binyuze mumiyoboro ibiri iva mumodoka irimo gusimbuza bateri no mumodoka. Impera y'ubuzima bwabo. Kubwa nyuma, bateri iracyari mumodoka kandi ikurwaho mubice byo kurangiza ubuzima. Ibi bikomeje kuba intoki cyane cyane mubushinwa. Nyuma yibyo ni intambwe yitwa kwitegura. Utugingo ngengabuzima twa batiri tugomba gukurwa mu ipaki tugafungura, ibyo bikaba ingorabahizi kuko nta gishushanyo mbonera cya batiri gisanzwe. Rero bigomba gukorwa n'intoki ukoresheje ibikoresho kabuhariwe.
Iyo bateri imaze kuvahod, ibiba next biterwa nubwoko bwa batiri ya lithium-ion imbere mumodoka. Reka duhere kuri bateri ya NMC, ikunze kugaragara mubushinwa. Batteri enye za NMC zisubiramo zishaka gukira. Cathode ibikoresho bifatika. Isesengura ry’ubukungu rya 2019 rivuga ko nubwo bingana na 4% gusa yuburemere bwa bateri, bagize hejuru ya 60% ya bateri muri rusange agaciro ka salvage. Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya NMC irakuze. Sony yakoze ubupayiniya mu 1999.Hari uburyo bubiri bwikoranabuhanga, Pyro metallurgical na hydro metallurgical. Reka duhere kuri Pyro metallurgical. Pyro bisobanura umuriro. Batare yashongeshejwe mu cyuma, umuringa, cobalt, na nikel.
Ibintu byiza noneho bigarurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa hydro metallurgical. Uburyo bwa Pyro burashya. Electrolytes, plastike n'umunyu wa lithium. Ntabwo rero ibintu byose bishobora kugarurwa. Irekura imyuka yubumara ikeneye gutunganywa, kandi ikoresha ingufu nyinshi, ariko yemejwe ninganda. Uburyo bwa Hydro metallurgical uburyo bukoresha amazi yo mumazi kugirango utandukanye ibikoresho wifuza na cobalt hamwe nuruvange. Amashanyarazi akoreshwa cyane ni acide sulfurike na hydrogen peroxide, ariko hariho nibindi byinshi. Nta na bumwe muri ubwo buryo ari bwiza kandi imirimo irakenewe kugira ngo bakemure amakosa yabo ya tekiniki. Batteri ya Litiyumu ya fosifate igizwe na 30% by'isoko rya EV mu Bushinwa guhera muri 2019. Izi batteri ubwinshi bw'ingufu ntiziri hejuru nka bagenzi babo ba NMC, ariko nta bintu birimo nikel na cobalt. Hariho kandi umutekano.
Ubushinwa nabwo buza ku isonga ku isier mubumenyi no gucuruza lithium fer fosifate, tekinoroji ya batiri, isosiyete yubushinwa, tekinoroji ya ampere yiki gihe. Ni umwe mu bayobozi bakora inganda muri kano karere. Byakagombye kumvikana ko inganda zigihugu zishobora gutunganya utwo tugari. Ibyo bivuzwe, gutunganya ibyo bintu byagaragaye ko bigoye mubuhanga kuruta ibiteganijwe. Ibi ni bimwe bitewe nuko bafite ibintu byinshi bitandukanye bivanze nibikoresho, bisaba imirimo yinyongera ihenze, and hanyuma ubukungu bwa lithiumbateri ya fosifate yicyuma ntabwo ifite ibyuma byingirakamaro nka bateri ya NMC izi nikel, umuringa, cyangwa cobalt. Kandi byatumye habaho kubura ishoramari muri niche. Hariho ubushakashatsi bwa hydro metallurgical butanga ikizere bwashoboye gusohoka kugera kuri 85% bya lithium muburyo bwa karubone ya lithium.Ibivugwa ni uko byatwara amadorari 650gutunganyatoni ya bateri ya litiro ya fosifate yakoreshejwe. Ibyo bikubiyemo ingufu nigiciro cyibikoresho, utabariyemo ikiguzi cyo kubakauruganda. Ibishobora gukira no kugurisha lithiyumu bishobora gufasha gutuma gutunganya ibicuruzwa byongera gukoreshwa mubukungu, ariko inteko y'abacamanza iracyari hanze yibi. Ubu buryo ntiburashyirwa mubikorwa mubucuruzi? Urwego rwa 2018 rushyiraho byinshi, ariko rusiga ibintu bike byifuzwa. Nkuko twese tubizi mubuzima, ntabwo ibintu byose bigenda bihindagurika mumuheto muto. Hano hari ibyobo bike byabuze, reka rero tuvuge gato kubibazo bimwe na bimwe bya politiki bikiri mu kirere. Intego yibanze yibarurishamibare kurekurwa cyangwa igipimo cyo kugarura ibikoresho. 98% ya nikel cobalt, manganese 85% kuri lithium ubwayo na 97% kubikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka. Mu magambo, ibi byose birashoboka. Kurugero, Gusa navuze kubyerekeye kugarura 85% cyangwa birenga ya lithium muri batiri ya lithium fer fosifate. Navuze kandi ko bizagorana kugera kuri iyi nyigisho ntarengwa bitewe n’imikorere idahwitse y’isi n’itandukaniro riri hasi. Wibuke, hari inzira nyinshi selile ya batiri ishobora gukorwa. Gupakira, kugurisha no gukoreshwa. Ntahantu hegereye uburinganire tubona hamwe na bateri ya silindrike yagurishijwe muri 711. Urwego rwa politiki rwabuze inkunga ifatika ninkunga yigihugu kugirango ibi bishoboke. Ikindi gihangayikishije ni gahunda ya politiki yubukungu ntabwot kugenera amafaranga kugirango ushishikarize gukusanya bateri zikoreshwa. Hariho gahunda nkeya yo kugura ikoreshwa na komine, ariko ntakintu kurwego rwigihugu. Ibi birashobora guhinduka, wenda hamwe n'amahoro cyangwa umusoro, ariko ubungubu abakinnyi bikorera ku giti cyabo bagomba gutera inkunga ubwabo. Iki nikibazo kuko ntakibazo gishimishije cyubukungu kuri aba bakora EV nini gukusanya no gutunganya bateri zabo.
Kuva mu 2008 kugeza 2015, ikiguzi cyo gukora na batiri ya EV cyaragabanutse kiva ku 1000 USD ku isaha ya kilowatt kigera kuri 268. Biteganijwe ko iyi nzira izakomeza mu myaka mike iri imbere. Kugabanuka kw'ibiciro byatumye ndetse bigerwaho cyane kuruta mbere hose, ariko icyarimwe banagabanije ubushake bwo gukusanya no gutunganya bateri. Kandi kubera ko izo bateri nazo zitandukanye nizindi, biragoye kwagura uburyo bwo gukusanya hamwe no gutunganya ibicuruzwa, bityo umushinga wose uhinduka umuyoboro wibiciro kubabikora. Ninde usanzwe ukora kumurongo mwiza cyane kugirango utangire?
Ntakibazo, abakora EV mumategeko babanza kumurongo wo gutunganya no gutunganya bateri zabo zishaje zakoreshejwe, kandi nubwo ubukungu budashimishije umushinga wose, bashishikariye gufatanya namasosiyete manini gushiraho imiyoboro yemewe yo gutunganya bateri. Ibigo bike binini byo gutunganya ibicuruzwa byarashinze. Ingero zirimo Tyson recycling kuri Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt. Jiangxi Ganfeng lithium, Hunan Brunp numuyobozi wisoko GEM. Ariko nubwo hariho ibigo binini byemewe, igice kinini cyabashinwa cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa kigizwe namahugurwa mato, atabifitiye uburenganzira. Aya maduka adasanzwe ntabwo afite ibikoresho cyangwa amahugurwa akwiye. Ahanini bajyawn kuri bateri kubikoresho bya cathode, kubigurisha kubapiganwa benshi no guta ibisigaye. Ikigaragara ni uko uyu ari umutekano munini hamwe n’ibidukikije. Nkibisubizo byuku gusuzugura amategeko n'amabwiriza, amaduka ya chop arashobora kwishyura ba nyiri EV kuri bateri zabo, kandi nkuko bikunzwe kuruta, amagambo, imiyoboro idahwitse. Gutyo, igipimo cya lithium-ion cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa gikomeje kuba gito cyane mu 2015. Byari hafi 2%. Kuva yakura igera ku 10% muri 2019. Ikubita inkoni ityaye mu jisho, ariko ibi biracyari byiza. Kandi gahunda ya 2018 ntabwo ishyiraho intego kubiciro byo gukusanya batiri. Kwirengagiza amatsiko. Ubushinwa bwakomeje guhangana niki kibazo kurundi ruhande rwa batiri, bateri ya acide yubahwa cyane, ikoranabuhanga rimaze imyaka 150ikoreshwa cyane mubushinwa. Zitanga imbaraga zinyenyeri kumodoka zabo kandi ziracyakunzwe cyane kumagare ya E. Ibi ni nubwo amabwiriza ya vuba ashishikarizwa kubasimbuza lithium ion. Ibyo ari byo byose, Abashinwa bongera gukoresha batiri ya acide ya aside iruta kure cyane ibyateganijwe n'ibipimo. Muri 2017, munsi ya 30% ya toni miliyoni 3.3 z'imyanda ya batiri ya aside aside ikomoka mu Bushinwa irakoreshwa. Impamvu ziyi ijanisha rike risubirwamo zirasa cyane na lithium ion. Amaduka acururizwamo adasanzwe ashyiraho amategeko n'amabwiriza bityo akaba ashobora kwishyura byinshi cyane kubakoresha bateri. Abanyaroma basobanuye neza ko kuyobora atari ibintu byangiza ibidukikije hanze aha. Ubushinwa bwahuye n’ibibazo byinshi by’uburozi bwangiza mu myaka yashize biturutse kuri uku gufata nabi. Ni yo mpamvu, guverinoma iherutse kwiyemeza guhashya aya maduka adasanzwe, aho bivugwa ko mu gihugu hose arenga 200. Intego ni ukugerageza no gukubita ijanisha rya 40% muri 2020 na 70% muri 2025. Urebye ko ijanisha rya batiri ya aside irike muri Amerika ryageze kuri 99% kuva byibura 2014, ntibyakagombye kuba bigoye.
Urebye tekiniki na ecoingorane zidasanzwe zijyanye no gutunganya bateri za EV, inganda zatekereje kuburyo bwo gukoresha byinshi muribyo bintu mbere yo kubyohereza mumva yabo. Amahirwe ashoboka cyane ni ukongera kuyakoresha mumashanyarazi ya gride. Izi bateri ziracyafite ubushobozi bwa 80% nyuma ya byose, kandi irashobora kugenda kuva mumyaka myinshi mbere yuko amaherezo ibera neza. Amerika iyoboye inzira hano. Amaze kugerageza na bateri yimodoka yakoreshejwe mumishinga yo kubika ingufu zihagaze kuva 2002. Ariko Ubushinwa bwakoze imishinga ishimishije. Imwe mu mikorere miremire ni umushinga wa Zhangbei umuyaga nizuba ryizuba mu ntara ya Hebei. Uyu mushinga wa miliyari 1,3 z'amadorali ukomoka ku mbaraga zihuriweho n’umushinga wa Leta w’Ubushinwa na Leta ya Grid hamwe n’umushinga wa batiri wa EV, BYD, mu kwerekana ko bishoboka gukoresha bateri ya kabiri y'ubuzima bwa EV mu gushyigikira no gucunga amashanyarazi. Imishinga myinshi yo gutunganya batiri ya EV yazamutse mumyaka yashize i Beijing, Jiangsu kugirango ibe yuzuye kandi irabagirana. Guverinoma irashyira ingufu nyinshi kuri ibi, ariko ndatekereza ko amaherezo irushaho gukumira amashyamba ikibazo cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bikemura. Kuberako iherezo rya buri bateri ryaba risubiramo cyangwa imyanda. Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yakoze umurimo ushimishije mu gushishikariza ishyirwaho ry’ibinyabuzima bitera imbere. Igihugu nuyoboye bidashidikanywaho mubice bimwe na bimwe byikoranabuhanga rya batiri kandi cyane, ibihangange V bishingiye aho. Bafite amahirwe yo kugoreka umurongo mubyuka byangiza imodoka. Mu buryo rero, iki kibazo cyo gusubiramo nikibazo cyiza cyo kugira. Nibyerekana ko Ubushinwa bwatsinze. Ariko ikibazo kiracyari ikibazo kandi inganda zagiye zikurura ibirenge kandi zishyiraho imiyoboro ikwiye yo gutunganya, amabwiriza nikoranabuhanga.
Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa irashobora kureba politiki ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika kugira ngo ibayobore kandi ishishikarize kandi itume ingeso zikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibicuruzwa zikoreshwa neza. Inkunga igomba gukenerwa mu nganda mu nganda z’ikoranabuhanga zitegura no gutunganya ibicuruzwa, atari mu nganda gusa. Bitabaye ibyo, gukoresha ingufu no kwangiza ibidukikije bifitanye isano no guta batiri bizaruta inyungu zose tubona kuva muri EV.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-01-2023