China ndiye msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa EV womwe wagulitsidwa oposa 5.5 miliyoni pofika pa Marichi 2021.Izi ndizabwino m'njira zambiri. China ili ndi magalimoto ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo izi zikulowa m'malo mwa mpweya woipa wowonjezera kutentha. Koma zinthu izi zili ndi zovuta zake zokhazikika. Pali nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu monga lithiamu ndi cobalt. Koma vuto linanso lokhudzana ndi vuto lomwe likubwera la zinyalala. China ikuyamba kukumana ndi tsogolo la vutoli.
Mu 2020. Matani a 200,000 a mabatire adachotsedwa ndipo chiwerengerocho chikuyembekezeka kulemba matani 780,000 pofika 2025. Tayang'anani vuto lachiwonongeko cha batri la EV lomwe likubwera ku China ndi zomwe msika waukulu wa EV padziko lonse ukuchita nazo.
Pafupifupi onse aku Chinamagalimoto amagetsi amayendetsedwa ndi mabatire a lithiamu ion. Ndiopepuka, kachulukidwe kamphamvu kwambiri komanso moyo wautali wozungulira, ziwapangitseni kusankha koyamba pamagalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi magetsi. Mabatire ali ndi atatu akuluakulu coponents ndi anode, cathode ndi electrolyte. WaNdipotu, cathode ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso yofunika kwambiri. Timasiyanitsa kwambiri mabatire awa potengera mabwato awo amphaka. Not kudumphira mozama mu izi, koma mabatire ambiri aku China a EV ali ndi ma cathodes opangidwa ndi lithiamu, faifi tambala, manganese, cobalt oxides, apa amatchedwa MCS. Mabatirewa amachotsedwa ntchito pamene mphamvu yawo ikufika pafupifupi 80% yofanana ndi moyo wathu wautumiki wa zaka 8 mpaka 10. Izi zimatengera zinthu zina monga kuyitanitsa pafupipafupi, mayendedwe oyendetsa, komanso momwe msewu ulili.
Ndinaganiza kuti mukufuna kudziwa. Ndi funde lalikulu loyamba la EVspofika mu 2010 mpaka 2011, zida zosonkhanitsira ndi kukonza mabatirezi ziyenera kukhala zitakonzeka kumapeto kwa zaka khumi. Izi zinali zovuta komanso nthawi yomwe boma la China lidayenera kuthana nalo. Pambuyo pa Masewera a Olimpiki a ku Beijing, Boma la China linayamba kulimbikitsa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma EV kwa anthu onse. Pakadali pano malamulo okhawo omwe adawatulutsa ndi miyezo yachitetezo chamakampani. Popeza zigawo zambiri za batri ndizowopsa. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2010 kunali kuwonjezereka kwa galimoto yamagetsi ndipo chifukwa chake kufunikira kowonjezereka kofanana kwa njira yothanirana ndi zinyalala zawo.
Mu 2012, kupitavernment idatulutsa chiwongolero chandalama zamakampani onse a EV momwemo kwa nthawi yoyamba, malangizowo adatsindika kufunikira, pakati pa ena.r zinthu, makina obwezeretsanso batire a EV. Mu 2016, mautumiki angapo adalumikizana kuti akhazikitse njira yolumikizana pavuto la zinyalala la EV. Opanga ma EV adzakhala ndi udindo wobwezeretsa mabatire agalimoto yawo. Ayenera kukhazikitsa ma network awo akagulitsa kapena kudalira gulu lachitatu kuti litole mabatire a EV.
Boma la China limakonda kulengeza ndondomeko, chitsogozo kapena chitsogozo lisanakhazikitse malamulo ena pambuyo pake. Chilengezo cha 2016 chikuwonetsa bwino makampani a EV kuti ayembekezere zambiri pa izi m'zaka zikubwerazi. Momwemonso, mu 2018, kutsata ndondomekoyi kudatuluka mwachangu, komwe kudatchedwa njira zamanthawi zowongolera zobwezeretsanso ndi Kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire amagetsi amagetsi atsopano. Mumadabwa ngati mumatcha tanthauzo la eves komanso ma hybrids. Bungwe lothandizira lingakhale Unduna wa Zamakampani ndi Zaukadaulo Zaukadaulo kapena MIIT.
Ilo lalonjezansomu 2016, chimangochi chimayika kwambiri onus pazinthu zapadera monga opanga ma batire a EV ndi EV omwe amalimbana ndi vutoli. Boma lidzathaOnani mbali zina zaukadaulo za ntchitoyo, koma sangachite okha. Dongosololi limamangidwa pamwamba pa mfundo zaulamuliro wamba zomwe a China adatengera. Amatchedwa Responsibility Wowonjezera Wopanga kapena EPR. Lingaliro la uzimu ndikusamutsa udindo kuchokera ku maboma ang'onoang'ono ndi azigawo kupita kwa opanga okha.
Boma la China lidatengera EPR, yomwe ndikukhulupirira kuti idachokera kumaphunziro aku Western koyambirira kwa 2000s. Monga kuyankha ku malangizo a EU pakukula kwa vuto la zinyalala za E, ndipo zimakhala zomveka ngati boma nthawi zonse ndilomwe limayeretsa zinyalala zonse za E. Makampani omwe akupanga zinyalala sadzalimbikitsidwa kuti zinthu zawo zikhale zosavuta kuzikonzanso. Chifukwa chake mu mzimu wa EPR opanga mabatire onse a EV amayenera kupanga mabatire omwe ndi osavuta kusungunula ndikupereka tsatanetsatane waukadaulo, kutha kwa moyo kwa makasitomala awo - Zizindikiro za EV ndid zolembera za EV nawonso kuti akhazikitse ndikuyendetsa mabatire awo ndikubwezeretsanso maukonde kapena kuwapereka kwa wina. Boma lithandiza kukhazikitsa mfundo za dziko kuti ziyende bwino. Chimangochi chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri pamtunda, koma pali zovuta zina zomveka bwino.
Tsopano popeza tadziwa mbiri ndi mfundo, titha kulowanso mwatsatanetsatane zaukadaulo waukadaulo wa EV. Mabatire ochotsedwa adalowa m'dongosolo kudzera munjira ziwiri kuchokera pamagalimoto omwe amasinthidwa ndi mabatire komanso magalimoto. Pamapeto pa moyo wawo. Kwa omaliza, batire idakali mkati mwagalimoto ndipo imachotsedwa ngati gawo la kutha kwa moyo. Izi zikadali ntchito yamanja, makamaka ku China. Pambuyo pake pali sitepe yotchedwa pretreatment. Maselo a batri ayenera kutulutsidwa mu paketi ndikutsegulidwa, zomwe ndizovuta chifukwa palibe mapangidwe amtundu wa batri. Choncho ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi manja pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera.
Batire likangochotsedwad, zomwe zikuchitikaxt zimatengera mtundu wa batri ya lithiamu-ion mkati mwagalimoto. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi batire ya NMC, yodziwika kwambiri ku China. Ogwiritsa ntchito mabatire anayi a NMC akufuna kuchira. The cathode yogwira zipangizo. Kusanthula kwachuma kwa 2019 kukuwonetsa kuti ngakhale amangopanga 4% yokha ya kulemera kwa mabatire, amapanga zopitilira 60% za mabatire onse. Matekinoloje obwezeretsanso a NMC ndi okhwima. Sony idachita upainiya mu 1999. Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zamakono, Pyro metallurgical ndi hydro metallurgical. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi Pyro metallurgical. Pyro amatanthauza moto. Batire imasungunuka kukhala aloyi yachitsulo, mkuwa, cobalt, ndi faifi tambala.
Zinthu zabwinozo zimachotsedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira za hydro metallurgical. Pyro njira kuwotcha. Electrolytes, mapulasitiki ndi mchere wa lithiamu. Kotero sizinthu zonse zomwe zingathe kubwezeretsedwa. Amatulutsa mpweya wapoizoni womwe umayenera kukonzedwa, ndipo umakhala wamphamvu kwambiri, koma wavomerezedwa ndi makampani ambiri. Njira za Hydro metallurgical zimagwiritsa ntchito chosungunulira chamadzi kuti chilekanitse zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa ndi cobalt ndi pawiri. Zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sulfuric acid ndi hydrogen peroxide, koma palinso zina zambiri. Palibe mwa njira izi zomwe zili zabwino ndipo ntchito ina ikufunika kuthana ndi zofooka zawo zaukadaulo. Mabatire a Lithium iron phosphate amapanga pafupifupi 30% ya msika wa China EV kuyambira chaka cha 2019. Mabatire amagetsi amagetsiwa sali okwera kwambiri ngati a NMC, koma alibe zinthu monga nickel ndi cobalt. Palinso mwina otetezeka.
China ndiyenso mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansier mu sayansi ndi malonda a lithiamu iron phosphate, matekinoloje a batri, kampani yaku China, ukadaulo wamakono wa ampere. Ndi m'modzi mwa atsogoleri opanga zinthu m'derali. Ziyenera kukhala zomveka kuti makampani adzikolo athe kukonzanso maselowa. Izi zikunenedwa, kukonzanso zinthu izi kwakhala kovuta mwaukadaulo kuposa momwe timayembekezera. Izi ndi zina chifukwa chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida, zomwe zimafunikira ntchito yowonjezera yokwera mtengo,ndiyeno zachuma lithiamumabatire a iron phosphate alibe zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga mabatire a NMC amadziwa faifi tambala, mkuwa, kapena cobalt. Ndipo zadzetsa kusowa kwa ndalama mu niche. Pali zoyezetsa zodalirika za hydro metallurgical zomwe zatha kutulutsa mpaka 85% ya lithiamu mu mawonekedwe a lithiamu carbonate.Zongoyerekeza ndikuti zingawononge pafupifupi $650kukonzatani ya mabatire a lithiamu iron phosphate. Izi zikuphatikizapo mphamvu ndi ndalama zakuthupi, osawerengera mtengo womangafakitale. Kubwezeretsa ndi kugulitsanso kwa lithiamu kungathandize kuti kubwezeretsanso kukhale kosavuta kuchita, koma oweruza akadalibe pa izi. Kodi njirazi sizinakwaniritsidwebe pazamalonda? Ndondomeko ya 2018 imapanga zambiri, koma imasiya zinthu zingapo zofunika. Monga tonse tikudziwira m'moyo, sizinthu zonse zomwe zimachitika mu uta waung'ono wabwino. Pali mabowo ochepa omwe akusowa pano, kotero tiyeni tikambirane pang'ono za ena mwa mafunso omwe adakali m'mwamba. Zolinga zachiwerengero zamutu pakumasulidwa kapena mitengo yobwezeretsa zopangira. 98% ya faifi tambala cobalt, manganese 85% ya lithiamu yokha ndi 97% ya zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi. The oretically, izi zonse ndi zotheka. Mwachitsanzo, ndangolankhula za kubwezeretsa 85% kapena kupitilira kwa lithiamu kuchokera ku mabatire a lithiamu iron phosphate. Ndinatchulanso kuti zidzakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa zongopeka izi chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwenikweni ndi kusiyana komwe kuli pansi. Kumbukirani, pali njira zambiri zomwe ma cell a batri angapangire. Odzaza, ogulitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Palibe paliponse pafupi ndi kukhazikika komwe timawona ndi mabatire a cylindrical omwe amagulitsidwa mu 711. Ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ikusowa thandizo la konkire ndi chithandizo cha dziko kuti izi zikhale zenizeni. Chinthu chinanso chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya zachuma yomwe palibet kugawa ndalama zolimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa mabatire omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito. Pali mapulogalamu angapo oyesa kugula omwe amayendetsedwa ndi ma municipalities, koma palibe pamlingo wadziko lonse. Izi zitha kusintha, mwina ndi msonkho kapena msonkho, koma pakali pano osewera amakampani azilipira okha. Ili ndi vuto chifukwa pali zolimbikitsa zochepa zachuma kwa opanga ma EV akuluakuluwa kuti atolere ndi kukonzanso mabatire awo.
Kuchokera ku 2008 mpaka 2015, mtengo wa kupanga ndi EV batire unatsika kuchokera ku 1000 USD pa ola la kilowatt mpaka 268. Chikhalidwe chimenecho chikuyembekezeka kupitilira zaka zingapo zotsatira. Kutsika kwamitengo kwapangitsa kuti anthu azifikako kuposa kale, koma nthawi yomweyo atsitsanso chilimbikitso chotolera ndi kukonzanso mabatirewa. Ndipo popeza mabatirewa amasiyananso wina ndi mzake, ndizovuta kukulitsa njira zopangira zopangira komanso zobwezeretsanso, chifukwa chake ntchito yonseyo imakhala yotsika mtengo kwa opanga awo. Ndani akugwira kale ntchito pamipata yothina poyambira?
Mosasamala kanthu, opanga ma EV mwalamulo amakhala oyamba kuwongolera ndi kubwezeretsanso mabatire awo akale omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo ngakhale kuti bizinesi yonseyi ndi yosagwirizana ndi zachuma, akhala akulimbikira kuyanjana ndi makampani akuluakulu kuti akhazikitse njira zovomerezeka zobwezeretsanso batire. Makampani angapo akuluakulu obwezeretsanso atuluka. Zitsanzo zikuphatikiza kukonzanso kwa Tyson kupita ku Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt. Jiangxi Ganfeng lithiamu, Hunan Brunp ndi mtsogoleri msika GEM. Koma ngakhale pali makampani akuluakulu omwe ali ndi zilolezo, gawo lalikulu laku China lobwezeretsanso limapangidwa ndi ma workshop ang'onoang'ono, opanda chilolezo. Malo ogulitsirawa alibe zida zoyenera kapena maphunziro. Iwo kwenikweni amapita kuwn pa mabatire awa kwa zida zawo za cathode, kuwagulitsanso kwa ogula kwambiri ndikutaya ena onse. Mwachiwonekere, ichi ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chachitetezo ndi chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa malamulo ndi malamulowa, mashopu awa amatha kulipira eni eni a EV zambiri pamabatire awo, ndipo motero amakondedwa kuposa, mawu, osatchula njira zovomerezeka. Choncho, mlingo wa lithiamu-ion yobwezeretsanso ku China udakali wotsika kwambiri mu 2015. Zinali pafupifupi 2%. Kuyambira pamenepo yakula mpaka 10% mu 2019. Ikumenya ndodo yakuthwa m'diso, koma izi zikadali kutali kwambiri. Ndipo chimango cha 2018 sichimayika chandamale pamitengo yosonkhanitsira mabatire. Kusiyidwa mwachidwi. China yakhala ikulimbana ndi vutoli kutsogolo kwa batri lina, batire yodziwika bwino ya asidi, ukadaulo wazaka 150 uwu.amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku China. Amapereka mphamvu ya nyenyezi pamagalimoto awo ndipo akadali otchuka kwambiri pa njinga za E. Izi zili choncho ngakhale malamulo aposachedwa kulimbikitsa m'malo mwa lithiamu ion. Komabe, kubwezeretsedwanso ku China kwa batire yotsogolera ya asidi sikuchepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeka. Mu 2017, zosakwana 30% za matani 3.3 miliyoni a zinyalala za batri ya asidi zomwe zimapangidwa ku China zimasinthidwanso. Zifukwa zochepetsera zobwezeretsanso izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi vuto la lithiamu ion. Mashopu osakhazikika amavala malamulo ndi malamulo motero amatha kulipira ndalama zambiri zogulira mabatire. Aroma anena momveka bwino kuti lead sizinthu zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe. China yakumana ndi zochitika zazikulu zingapo zapoyizoni wamtovu m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino ntchito kumeneku. Choncho posachedwapa boma lalonjeza kuti lithana ndi mashopu amenewa omwe akuti ndi oposa 200 m’dziko lonselo. Cholinga ndikuyesera ndikugunda peresenti ya 40% yobwezeretsanso mu 2020 ndi 70% mu 2025. Poganizira kuti gawo lotsogolera la batire la asidi ku America lakhala pa 99% kuyambira osachepera 2014, siziyenera kukhala zovuta.
Poganizira zaukadaulo ndi ecozovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kubwezeretsanso mabatire a EV, makampaniwa aganizira njira zogwiritsira ntchito zinthu izi asanazitumize kumanda awo. Chosankha chapamwamba kwambiri chingakhale kuwagwiritsanso ntchito pama projekiti a gridi yamagetsi. Mabatirewa akadali ndi mphamvu ya 80%, ndipo amatha kupitilira zaka zambiri asanatuluke bwino. United States ikutsogolera kuno. Tayesa mabatire agalimoto omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira mphamvu zokhazikika kuyambira 2002. Koma China yachita ziwonetsero zosangalatsa. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimagwira ntchito yayitali kwambiri ndi projekiti ya Zhangbei mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa m'chigawo cha Hebei. Pulojekitiyi yokwana $1.3 biliyoni imachokera ku mgwirizano wamakampani a State Grid ndi EV wopanga mabatire a BYD, powonetsa kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mabatire a Second Life EV kuthandizira ndikuwongolera gridi yamagetsi. Ma projekiti enanso obwezeretsanso mabatire a EV abwera m'zaka zaposachedwa ku Beijing, Jiangsu kukhala zopanda pake ndipo zimawala. Boma likuika chidwi kwambiri pa izi, koma ndikuganiza kuti pamapeto pake zimalepheretsa vuto lobwezeretsanso lomwe limathetsa. Chifukwa kutha kosalephereka kwa batire iliyonse ndikubwezeretsanso kapena kutayirapo. Boma la China lachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri polimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chilengedwe chotukukachi. Dzikoli ndiye mtsogoleri wosakayikitsa pazinthu zina zaukadaulo wa batri ndipo mosiyanasiyana, zimphona za V zimakhazikika pamenepo. Ali ndi mwayi wokhotakhota pamapindikira pamagalimoto otulutsa mpweya. Chifukwa chake, mwanjira ina, iyi yobwezeretsanso ndivuto labwino kukhala nalo. Ndi chisonyezero cha kupambana kwa China. Koma vutoli likadali vuto ndipo makampani akhala akukoka mapazi ndikukhazikitsa maukonde obwezeretsanso, malamulo ndi matekinoloje oyenera.
Boma la China likhoza kuyang'ana ku ndondomeko ya United States kuti ipeze chitsogozo ndi chilimbikitso ndi kupatsa ogula njira zoyenera zobwezeretsanso. Ndipo thandizo liyenera kuperekedwa kwa mabizinesi omwe ali m'mafakitale opangira zinthu zakale ndi zobwezeretsanso, osati opanga okha. Kupanda kutero, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi mabatirewa kudzaposa phindu lililonse lomwe tingapeze posinthira ku EV.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-01-2023